Brothers in Blue and Gray: 52 Ancestors 2023 Prompt “War and Peace”

 

A Fraternal Civil War: Smith Brothers Fought on Opposite Sides

Samuel E. Smith: 1840-1882 (Maternal Great-Granduncle)
Elias Guess Smith: 1842-1862 (Maternal Great-Granduncle)

When people discuss the Civil War, they often use the phrase “brother-fighting-brother” to emphasize how the war tore apart families and friends, and how people from the same communities ended up fighting on opposite sides. In the case of Elijah Smith’s two eldest sons, the Civil War truly was a brother-against-brother conflict. Samuel fought for the Union, while Elias fought for the Confederacy.

Samuel E. Smith was the oldest son of Elijah F. Smith and Nancy Vanlandingham Weir Smith. He was born January 1, 1840. Samuel’s brother Elias Guess Smith was born two years later. The boys grew up in Greenville, Kentucky where their father Elijah worked as a blacksmith.

At the time of the 1860 census, twenty-year-old Samuel was listed as a “student”—I believe he was a law student, preparing for his post-war career as a lawyer. Eighteen-year-old Elias was working as a schoolteacher.

1860 census

When war broke out on April 12, 1861, Elias quickly volunteered, travelling to nearby Hopkinsville to enlist as a private in the Confederate 9^th Infantry just ten days later on April 22, 1861. He was in Muster Company C.

Less than a year later, Elias fought in the battle of Shiloh and was wounded on April 6, 1862. He died of his wounds on April 29, and was apparently buried somewhere in Tennessee near the battlefield.

Elias Smith's Civil War Record from Ancestry Databases

Samuel made a very different choice, enlisting in the Union Army. Did Samuel’s legal studies lead him to a different conclusion about the war’s rationale than his younger brother? Did he disagree with secession? Was he an abolitionist like others in his mother’s extended Weir family?

I wonder how his parents and siblings reacted to his choice. Was Samuel alone in his beliefs? And how did the family react when Elias was killed in battle? Was there resentment that Samuel supported and was part of the Union Army that was responsible for Elias’ death? The year 1862 was one of great heartbreak for the family. In addition to Elias’ death, Elijah and Nancy lost two other children, three-year-old Edward and infant Esther. So much loss.

I have not been able to identify Samuel’s military records on Fold 3 or other Civil War databases, so I don’t know exactly when he either enlisted or was drafted. I know that he survived the war, and following the war he was referred to as “Captain Samuel E. Smith”, so I hypothesize that he must have been promoted to the rank of captain before the war’s end. I found one record for a Samuel W Smith (W for Weir, his mother’s maiden name?), listed as a 1^st Lieutenant on “D.S.” to another officer. D.S. stands for Detached Service, which is a temporary duty assignment to another unit. As 1^st Lieutenant is only one grade below captain, I suspect the Samuel Smith in this record might be the correct one, but I cannot verify it as yet.

Samuel seems to have returned to Kentucky by January 23, 1864, which is when he married Emma C. Milligan. Had he already left the Union army, or was he on leave? I can find no records that shed light on the date he mustered out.

Following the war, Samuel continued to support the Union. He ran for Congress in the second district of Kentucky as a Republican candidate—an unpopular choice in that part of Kentucky. 

The local Owensboro newspaper was scathing, saying he was a “radical”, not a Republican.

“Capt. Samuel E. Smith, a young lawyer of Greenville, appeared as the champion of radicalism. His address was principally a rehash and repetition of the radical literature of the day, interspersed with the usual hosannas to the spread-eagle bird of America, and peons of praise to the so-called loyal and progressive element of the country. He informed the audience that he favored and endorsed nearly all the tyrannical actions of Stevens and Sumner, and their satelites (sic)  towards the South, except negro suffrage—presuming, we suppose, that that pill would prove a little too nauseous for Kentucky to swallow just now….”

The editor continued:

“We exceedingly regret to see any one bearing the proud title of Kentuckian enlisting himself in the ranks of a party who have imposed such degradation and tyranny upon the white race of the country as has the party of…Mr. S…..[H]e found but few disciples here ready to throw themselves before the black jugurnaut (sic) car of radicalism—a fact we are proud to record. As it was the first public speech ever uttered in this community in advocacy of the principles of a party whose mission is the white man’s degradation, so we hope it be the last.”

He ended his 3-column long piece encouraging Owensboro residents to vote, asking:

“Are the people of our State willing to ratify the action of the vindictive, radical and destructive body of Jacobins at Washington, and raise their voices in chorus with these infidel dervishes, and proclaim this shall be no longer a white man’s government, but a miserable, loathsome, semi-negro oligarchy?...Let your watchword be that the color of your own race is thicker than the cowardly cringing subserviency to a wild, frenzied and despotic power…”

The article also exhorted “foreigners”—those we now refer to as immigrants—to vote Democrat and oppose the Republican Party.

“Foreigners, remember the present vindictive and radical party will proscribe and disfranchise you as readily, and give your rights to the negro, as they have done in the South…They hate foreigners just in proportion as they love the negro.”

The brazen racism in this article is horrifying, and demonstrates the difficulties Samuel Smith faced as a Republican candidate in Kentucky. He is quoted as telling supporters that the Democratic candidate Brown and his supporters:

 “…talk about the Reconstruction Bill, the Civil Rights Bill and the Tenure of Office Bill with derision and contempt. The same sentiments which actuated them at the beginning of the war are still lurking in their venomous and malicious bosoms this day as bitter and proscriptive as ever before. I am led to believe from the manifestations of treason and the spirit of revenge that has come under my observation in several portions of this district, if a little reconstruction was done in our own old noble commonwealth it would be better for her people.”

Perhaps unsurprisingly, Samuel Smith was soundly trounced in the election, with the Democrat John Young Brown receiving over 8000 votes to Smith’s 2000. Smith surprised the district by contesting the election, arguing that Brown had provided aid and comfort to the Confederacy, making him ineligible to run for office under the post-war law.

 Congress ended up deciding the election, concluding as follows:

“Resolved, That John Young Brown, having voluntarily given aid, countenance and encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility to the United States, is not entitled to take the oath of office as a representative in this House from the Second Congressional District of Kentucky, or to hold a seat.

Resolved, That Samuel E Smith, not having received a majority of the votes cast for a Representative in this House from the Second District of Kentucky, is not entitled to a seat.

Resolved, that the Speaker be directed to notify the Governor of Kentucky that a vacancy exists in the representation in this House from the Second Congressional District.”

Samuel and his wife stuck it out in Greenville after the election, even though community feelings probably ran against them. They appear on the 1870 census, below. Samuel is still working as a lawyer, but I suspect his business fell off dramatically among the Democratic party supporters.

Samuel and his wife also lost two infants during these difficult years. Their third child, Clarence M. Smith, who survived to adulthood, was born November 15, 1871. Four years later, Samuel moved his family to Evansville, Indiana. Indiana had supported the Union during the war, and the Republican Party had strength in the state. He probably felt he would fit into the community better than in his hometown.

From articles in the Evansville newspaper, it appears he built a successful legal practice and became a valuable community member. He also travelled back to his hometown of Greenville, Kentucky in August of 1876 to give a speech at a “Republican Flag and Pole Raising” event held at the courthouse. The Evansville newspaper printed a letter about the event, which said, “Mr. Samuel E. Smith of Evansville, formerly of this place, delivered a most effective and able speech, in fact one of the happiest of his life.”

Tragically, Samuel Smith died on April 20, 1882 at only 42 years of age. Evansville city death records attribute his death to pneumonia. The newspaper coverage was amazing and touching. His Presbyterian Church leadership issued resolutions honoring him, saying in part that Samuel “was ripe in judgment and discretion…and had by his gentle nature and manly qualities won the esteem and affection of all who came in contact with him.” It noted that he was the respected Superintendent of the Sunday School.

The local bar association also passed resolutions honoring him. They read in part:

“The kindness of a man’s nature, his acts of charity, his good words for his neighbors, together with unflinching integrity, constitute the elements of character that make the best citizen, the kindest neighbor and the truest friend. And when with these elements of character we find a mind educated and logical to a marked degree, coupled with an unconquerable will and never-ending devotion to principle, we have one of whom nature might stand up and say to all the world, this is a man! Captain Smith possessed all these qualities. He was a friend whose friendship no man doubted. His charity was larger than his purse. His kind acts and words have incited to a better life many men and taken comfort to many homes. As a lawyer he was also faithful, honest and capable, true to the interests of his clients... “

The article concluded with the notation that “owing to the incapacity of the residence of the late Captain S.E. Smith to accommodate the attendance of the many friends of the deceased, it has been decided to hold the funeral services at Evans Hall….The great edifice will no doubt be filled to the doors on the occasioin.” The Knights of Honor, the Red Ribbon Club, and the Grand Army of the Republic gathered to march to the funeral.

Surprisingly and sadly, I found no mention of his death in the Greenville, Kentucky newspaper despite the fact that his relatives continued to live there. I wonder if Willis Smith (Lorene’s father) attended his brother’s funeral. I hope the family rift wasn’t so great that his siblings had cut him off.

Photo of base of monument. Oak Hill Cemetery, Evansville, Indiana. Photo from Findagrave. Photographer Vicki Sakel Sprengel.

Samuel E. Smith must have been an extraordinary man to have merited such an outpouring of grief and respect after living in Evansville for a mere seven years. He lived a life of principle, supporting the Union in the war despite his own brother and probably other family members supporting the Confederacy. He acquitted himself well in war, rising to the rank of Captain.

Photo from Findagrave. Vicki Sakel Sprengel photographer.

His peacetime life showed equal courage and principle. He stood up for unpopular political positions. He contributed to his community through his legal practice and in his personal life. I wonder what he could have accomplished had he lived to a ripe old age.

 

Sources:

Elias G Smith in the U.S., Civil War Soldier Records and Profiles, 1861-1865. Historical Data Systems, Inc.; Duxbury, MA 02331; American Civil War Research Database.

National Park Service, Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, online <a href="http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/" target="_blank"http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss//a>, acquired 2007.

Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916; Microfilm Publication M617, 1550 rolls; NAID: 561324; Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984, Record Group 94; The National Archives in Washington, D.C. https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/1571/images/32169_126579-00126?pId=4867444

“Friends of Liberty to the Breach”. Article on Congressional Race in Owensboro Monitor, May 1, 1867. Accessed on Newspapers.com.

“Contested”. Louisville Daily Courier, June 24, 1867. Accessed on Newspapers.com.

“Congress voids 2d District contested election.” Louisville Daily Courier, January 22, 1868. Accessed on Newspapers.com.

Evansville Journal articles: “Republican Flag and Pole Raising”, Aug. 5, 1876. “Mr. Samuel E. Smith opens law office”. Sept. 2, 1875. Accessed on Newspapers.com.

Evansville Courier and Press. April 22, 1882. “Samuel E Smith:.Action of the Evansville Bar Yesterday Afternoon.” Accessed on Newspapers.com.

Evansville Journal. Evansville Indiana. April 24, 1882. “The Last of Earth. The Remains of Capt. S. E. Smith Consigned to Their Final Resting Place.” Accessed on Newspapers.com.

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/80763130/samuel-e-smith

 

Tragic Gunshot: 52 Ancestors 2023 Prompt “Disaster”

Shot with his Own Gun: Robert Weir’s Tragic Death at 14

Robert Barkley Weir: 1851-1865 (Maternal 2^nd Cousin 3x Removed)

 

I ran across a beautiful headstone in the James Weir cemetery plot in Daviess County Kentucky, and decided to learn about the young man buried there. I discovered a truly tragic story—a family disaster for the Weirs.

Robert Barkley Weir was the fourth child born to James Weir and his wife Susan Charlotte Green. Robert was born June 9, 1851 at the family home in Owensboro, Kentucky. There are few records of his brief life. He appears on the 1860 census as R.B. Weir, age 10, who was attending school.

According to the news article I found in the June 21, 1865 issue of the Owensboro Monitor, young Robert had gone out hunting, or “gunning” as the newspaper put it, with his two dogs on the morning of Thursday, June 15. He never returned home.

A search was mounted, and friends found his body the following morning, about two miles from his home. The news article stated that based “on the locality of the wound, [Robert] is presumed to have been blowing into one barrel of the gun when the other discharged, tearing away a portion of his under lip, entering his _____ (portion of article is missing), lodging in or about the brain.”

His headstone reads:

“Killed instantly by the accidental discharge of his gun whilst hunting. His two dogs remained by their dead Master during the night, faithfully guarding his body until discovered by friends.”

Photo from Findagrave, CAWatkins photographer

The stone features the stump of a tree, symbolizing a life cut short, with a gun and ammunition bag leaning against the stump, and two mourning dogs sitting faithfully in front of the stump. It is a beautiful, moving headstone.

The article noted that Robert’s mother was distraught following his death, and that his father and youngest sister Belle were absent on an out of state trip when he died.

I admit to wondering if this tragedy truly was accidental, or if the poor boy intended to take his life. After all, he went out alone, and the gunshot apparently entered in the mouth upward into the brain, which is a common position of a gun in a suicide. However, I admit that I know nothing about hunting, particularly with the sort of weapon he would have used in 1865. I tried to do research regarding blowing down the barrel of a double-barrel gun, and found some references to it. The newspaper seemed convinced it was an accident, which is persuasive. However, I am intrigued by his parents choosing to inscribe “accidental discharge of his gun” on the headstone. It seems as if they were trying to squash any potential gossip by emphasizing the accidental nature of the death.

We will never know what really happened that summer day. However, we do know that his dogs loved young Robert Barkley Weir and loyally stayed by his side even in death—a touching tribute forever memorialized on his headstone.

Photo from Findagrave, photographer The Necro Tourist

According to Robert’s entry on Findagrave, his headstone and story were featured in the 2011 “Voices of Elmwood” cemetery tour, where local historians and actors enact the stories of people buried in the Elmwood Cemetery. I would have loved to have heard Robert’s story brought to life in this way.

Sources:

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/63841063/robert-barkley-weir

Photos of the headstone by The Necro Tourist and CAWatkins, posted on Findagrave.

The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M653; Residence Date: 1860; Home in 1860: District 2, Daviess, Kentucky; Roll: M653_364; Page: 825; Family History Library

Beautiful Home and Interesting Housekeeping: 52 Ancestors 2023 Prompt “This Ancestor Stayed Home”

 

James Weir’s Waveland: A Truly Artistic Home

James Weir: 1821-1906 (First Cousin 4x Removed)

 

While researching James Weir for another blog post, I discovered some fascinating information about his lovely home in Owensboro, Waveland. I also found an entertaining newspaper piece that implied he sowed a few wild oats when he was young and first living on his own. I decided these items deserved more research and a post of their own.

As I wrote in my previous post, James Weir was the son of James Weir and the nephew of my husband’s third great-grandfather Samuel Miller Weir. James Weir attended college—quite rare in the 1840s—and earned his law degree. He practiced law and then branched out into banking. He was also renowned as a novelist, writing three novels in the 1850s. James married Susan C. Green in 1842, and they had ten children, eight of whom survived to adulthood.

The rather amusing and suggestive news item about James Weir’s younger days was found in the Owensboro Examiner’s September 10, 1875 edition, in a column entitled “Scraps of Local History”. The writer was recalling prominent city residents of thirty years earlier, so in the early to mid-1840’s. One paragraph caught my eye. It reads as follows:

“About the same time of which we are now speaking, James Weir, Jr., began house-keeping, first in and then outside the town. Of this, family delicacy forbids us to say anything, as all are still living, except to say that the mother of Mrs. Weir was among the best women of her day, or any day, and that her father was among the grandest men upon whom Christianity ever put her shining crown…”

Perhaps I’m misunderstanding this paragraph, but it seems to imply that James Weir was sowing some wild oats once he had moved out on his own, and that he had perhaps compromised his future wife. Otherwise, why would his wife Susan Green’s parents need to exercise their Christian charity and be among the “best” people of their day? It sounds as if the young man was causing concern among his sweetheart’s family. Since James and Susan were, by 1875, important, influential people in the community, I wonder how they reacted to this news item and the suggestion that their long ago conduct (or at least James’) was too risqué to discuss openly.

The information on the home James built in 1858 was also fascinating. Prior to 1858, James and Susan and their children lived in a house at Third and Daviess Street, just blocks from the Ohio River. Now this section of Owensboro is the central business district; the Chamber of Commerce Office is nearby.

Area of James and Susan Weir's first home in Owensboro

As their family grew, they needed a larger home. James bought a 400 acre parcel from John Howard, described in “Some Historic Landmarks of Owensboro” (see citation below) as stretching from “McFarland Street south to the old McHenry farm about one mile out Frederic Street. It extended west about one-half mile.”

Waveland location marked in blue--note that neighboring property is listed as Weir Park

James sold off much of the acreage to other well-heeled Owensboro residents. The article noted that “many of the principal residences of Owensboro are standing on” the original Weir property. Weir kept about twenty acres around the homesite. The map above shows the area in 1878 when Weir owned 35 acres and had donated parkland next door. The parcel was located north of Griffith Street and between Walnut and Frederica, an area that now has businesses like CPAs and attorneys housed in the remaining large old homes.

According to the Historic Landmarks article, Waveland was:

“an unpretentious square brick house, which originally cost less than $20,000. The brick work was done by a contractor named James Wilhite, and the carpenter work by Bonnie Trible…All the lumber used was yellow poplar, then plentiful, but now so rare and valuable.”

“The house was out of the ordinary for architecture...” according to the article, which quoted a representative from the Carnegie Libraries, who toured Waveland while searching for a site for a new library, that no other house he’d ever toured “had come up to this one for completeness in every way.”

Waveland had 12 rooms, plus servants’ quarters. Outbuildings of brick and log housed Weir’s slaves before the Civil War. The 1860 census’ Slave Schedules show that James Weir owned 21 human beings, the youngest only a few months old. The Historic Landmarks articles claims that “after the emancipation, many of them (slaves) remained with him on account of his kindness towards them.”

I would like to believe that his kindness was the reason. The 1870 census does show that four black employees lived in the household: Elya Davis, 50; Mary Davis, 12; David Lewis, 29; and William Hunter, 15. The census indicates none of these workers could read, so apparently Weir’s kindness did not extend to educating his slaves. The family also had two live-in white employees, probably a nanny and a cook or housekeeper.

Waveland’s most striking feature was its art. The Historic Landmarks article states:

“The frescoing of this house, which was considered the finest in this part of the country, was done in 1870 by Captain Buler, a Prussian army officer who had fought through the Civil War as a Confederate officer. The cost of frescoing was $12,000, and the designs were magnificent, such as are now rarely seen.”

I have found no images of the frescos or any record of a Confederate officer with the surname Buler. If he completed any other artworks, I find no record of them.

A description from Collins’ Historical Sketches (see citation below) said that Waveland, set “on a gentle knoll south of the city, is one of the most magnificently frescoed buildings on the American continent.” The writer noted that the fresco painter “is at once artist and scholar; the elegant historic paintings on the ceiling of the library, in their groupings and combinations, are a constant source of study and pleasure”

Another article provides some descriptions of the frescos: “The broad halls and large airy rooms were beautifully frescoed and the library with the picture of ‘Washington Crossing the Delaware’ on the ceiling, [contained] well-filled bookshelves, for Mr. Weir was a great reader…”

James Weir continued to live in the home for the rest of his life. He died at Waveland on January 31, 1906 at the age of 84. 

His son, Dr. James Weir, died the same year in August. Following the son’s death, the home was put up for sale, and the buyer chose to tear it down just two years later so the property could be subdivided into numerous home lots. It is a pity that such a richly decorated home did not survive. As a result, the frescos have been lost, and their artist left unnamed and forgotten.

Sources:

“Some Historic Landmarks of Owensboro”. https://wckyhistory-genealogy.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Historic-Landmarks-of-Owensboro.pdf

Map of Owensboro, Ky. by McDonough, Leo & Co.; Chamberlain, E.J., 1878.

Description of Weir House. Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky: History of Kentucky, Volume 2, By Lewis Collins. Collins & Co., Covington KY. https://books.google.com/books?id=FjE_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=james+weir+house,+owensboro&source=bl&ots=Pk2An5-zW5&sig=ACfU3U2RajZmLR0_JuAs6wt87OodjbCfXw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj84_TIlrCBAxWNk2oFHaTiCpg4FBDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=james%20weir%20house%2C%20owensboro&f=false

Articles about Weir’s life and Waveland. https://wckyhistory-genealogy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Jerry20Long20-20Weir2C20James20281821-190629.pdf

Owensboro Inquirer, Owensboro, Ky., Sunday, 2 August 1908, p.1:.OLD WEIR HOME THING Of PAST

 

The Novels of James Weir Jr.: 52 Ancestors 2023 Prompt “Newest Discovery”

The Author/Businessman: Nineteenth Century Kentucky Novelist

James Weir: 1821-1906 (Maternal First Cousin 4x Removed)
 

While researching James Weir’s father, also named James Weir, I ran across a reference to his son writing and publishing three novels in the 1800s. I was fascinated—I had to research these novels. Was he a good writer? What did he write about? I couldn’t wait to investigate this newest discovery.

James Weir was born June 16, 1821 in Greenville, Kentucky to parents James Weir and Anna Cowman Rumsey Weir. He was the third of their five children, and the second son. Unlike many young men of the era, James and his brother Edward were fortunate enough to attend college, both matriculating at the twenty-year-old campus of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. They went on to study law at Transylvania University.

Law degree in hand, James moved from Greenville to Owensboro, Kentucky. He married Susan Charlotte Green in 1842. She was the daughter of a judge who was one of James’ legal mentors.

In addition to his legal practice, James became involved in banking and railroads. He helped to found and later became the president of the Deposit Bank of Owensboro, and was the president of the Owensboro and Nashville Railroad, even financing the purchase of the railroad’s rolling stock. He also invested in the Ohio River Telegraph Company and helped found the Owensboro Wheel Company. He became a well-respected and wealthy member of the Owensboro community, and was known for his charitable works. He and Susan had ten children, seven of whom reached adulthood. 

While you might assume James’ business and family endeavors would have kept him busy, he somehow found time to write and publish three novels. He apparently was writing during the early years of his marriage and the birth of his first three children. I wonder if he ever had time to sleep? Of course, he was a slaveowner, so perhaps his duties at home were taken care of by servants.

His first book, Lonz Powers or The Regulators, was published in 1850. With its publication, Weir became “Kentucky’s first historical novelist.” See Taylor citation below.

The book is based on the real-life exploits of Kentucky outlaw Alonzo Pennington, who led a band of criminals from 1830-1845. Local people eventually formed a vigilante group to combat the outlaws, and Pennington was captured and tried in 1846. Weir’s character Lonz Powers, like Pennington, is the leader of a group of outlaws. However, Powers attempts to hide his identity by joining the vigilante group pursuing him, known as the Regulators. Despite his dual identity, Powers is eventually caught and brought to justice. 

Lonz Powers was serialized in newspapers, including the Owensboro newspaper—it was a long book, so was published in an astonishing 81 segments!

For his next two books, James Weir turned to another place and time he was familiar with: the North Carolina of his father’s youth, and the migration of North Carolinians to Kentucky. In the first of the two novels, Simon Kenton or The Scout’s Revenge, he follows the adventures of Indian fighter and Revolutionary War scout Simon Kenton, and his conflict with the evil Tory Simon Girty. In the novel, Kenton becomes involved with two North Carolina families, the Duffs and the Heads, who migrate to Kentucky. In the sequel, The Winter Lodge or The Vow Fulfilled, the Duffs and Heads are followed to Kentucky by renegades and natives out for revenge against them. Simon Kenton helps them fight off the villains.

Once again, Weir based his characters on real people. Simon Kenton and Simon Girty were both actual scouts and explorers, friends of Daniel Boone. However, the real Kenton and Girty were friends, not enemies. Also, the real Kenton ended up settling in Ohio rather than Kentucky.

Simon Kenton was published by Lippincott, Grambo and Co. in 1852, and The Winter Lodge was published by Lippincott in 1854. I found the novels are held by several university libraries, including the University of Chicago, and are also available online. Hathi Trust has the full text of all three on their website. Weir’s writing is very evocative. Here is a description of an abandoned house:

“That lonely cottage, with its dreary, moss-covered roof, its crumbling chimney, its glassless windows, its half-gone porch, its broken-down fences, and its weedy, briery yard, was a striking picture of gloomy desolation and decay and death; and no wonder the simple rustics believed it the home of ghosts and spirits, and never entered within its haunted precincts.” (pg. 68)

One of the characters in Simon Kenton was a black man named Titus. James’ father had a slave (referred to as a “body servant” in some accounts) named Titus who accompanied him on his travels as a merchant, so the novel’s character was probably based on that Titus. Other characters in his books were based on his friends and acquaintances. One of his schoolteachers appears as a character, for example.

As a modern reader, the dialect and treatment of the Titus character are jarring and repulsive. Here is an exchange between Titus and Simon Kenton:

            “O massa!” ejaculated the negro….”dis old boy can’t do dat; him be fraid of the ghosts, for dat house be haunted dis long time.”

            “Haunted, you old white-liver!” exclaimed Sharp-Eye. “Just do as I tell you, or cuss me if I don’t lift that wolly scalp of yours, and then we’ll have the ghost of a nigger to keep company with old Girty and his crew…And the ghosts, you know, don’t travel by daylight, for they’ve got eyes like owls, all them I’ve seen, and can’t see ‘cept at night…”

Obviously these books have not aged well. The writing is too florid for modern taste, and the treatment of Native Americans and black people would horrify most modern readers. However, they are a glimpse into the world of the 1850s and reflect the sensibilities of the time period. They were popular when published and sold out. In addition, they were translated into German and published in Germany, where stories of the American frontier were popular.

Print copies of the novels are now very hard to find. Since the original publication runs were fairly small, and most of the books were sold in the region of Kentucky and the surrounding states, few copies have survived.

Weir’s publisher wanted to reprint Lonz Powers, but Weir dragged his feet, claiming he wanted to make extensive edits before the book was reissued. He never completed the edits. He also had plans to write a third book in the Simon Kenton series, which would cover the period of the War of 1812. However, he never completed the project. Did his other responsibilities get in the way? Did he lose interest in writing?  

James Weir died in Owensboro January 31, 1906 at the age of 84. Some of James Weir’s children also authored stories and books, and kept well-stocked libraries, so his literary interests were passed to the next generation.  

 

photo by CAWatkins, from Findagrave

 

Sources:

Simon Kenton or The Scout’s Revenge. An Historical Novel by James Weir. Lippincott, Grambo and Co. Philadelphia. 1852.  https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081749974&seq=19

The Winter Lodge: or Vow Fulfilled. An Historical Novel. The Sequel to Simon Kenton. James Weir. Lippincott, Grambo, and Co., Philadelphia. 1854.  https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008617470

Lonz Powers: Or the Regulators. A Romance of Kentucky. James Weir. Lippincott, Grambo & Company, 1850. https://books.google.com/books?id=q6EcAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Taylor, R. Stephen. “JAMES WEIR, FIRST CITIZEN OF OWENSBORO.” The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, vol. 72, no. 1, 1974, pp. 10–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23378279. Accessed 13 Sept. 2023.

“The Story of Lonz Powers.” Article on the Cousin Harriet website. https://cousinharriet.com/history/xiii.html

Description of Weir House. Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky: History of Kentucky, Volume 2, By Lewis Collins. Collins & Co., Covington KY. https://books.google.com/books?id=FjE_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=james+weir+house,+owensboro&source=bl&ots=Pk2An5-zW5&sig=ACfU3U2RajZmLR0_JuAs6wt87OodjbCfXw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj84_TIlrCBAxWNk2oFHaTiCpg4FBDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=james%20weir%20house%2C%20owensboro&f=false

https://wiki.historyofowensboro.com/index.php/James_Weir

Some Historic Landmarks of Owensboro. Jerry Long. Owensboro Messenger.11 Oct 1888. https://wckyhistory-genealogy.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Historic-Landmarks-of-Owensboro.pdf

Revolutionary Soldier’s Strange Pay: 52 Ancestors 2023 Prompt “You Wouldn’t Believe It”

 

Strange Story About Shameful Combat Pay

William Weir: 1751-1787 (4^th Great-grandfather)

Family stories about Revolutionary War service abound in genealogy. But verified, proven stories are quite rare. If a researcher is fortunate, they find a few breadcrumbs that prove someone with the ancestor’s name from the right region served in the Revolution. When I reach this point in research, I usually accept their service as an unverified “fact”—I add it to the tree but note it isn’t verified. But the details from the family lore that make some stories so fascinating and evocative are nearly impossible to prove. That’s the case with this tale about David and William Weir’s service in the Revolutionary War.

According to numerous family histories, William Weir was of Scottish descent, and emigrated with his father David from Ireland. They appear to have been Covenanters, a Presbyterian sect that was persecuted in Scotland. Many Covenanters moved to the New World, and a large group settled in South Carolina near the community of Fishing Creek. That’s where William Weir started his family and acquired land.

Chester County region of South Carolina where Fishing Creek is located--1800s

According to some descendants, father David and son William served in the Revolutionary War together under General Sumter, fighting the British in South Carolina. Other descendants say that William and his oldest son David, a stripling lad of about 14, served together in the war, and young David died of wounds he received in battle.

And then there’s a truly fascinating, repulsive detail from one account: that William’s only compensation for his war service was bounty confiscated from a Loyalist’s estate. The bounty? A young black slave girl. This tale was printed in a reference book entitled Biographical Cyclopedia of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The source is unclear.

So what parts of these stories can we prove?

First I searched Revolutionary War records on a variety of sites. The National Park Service records confirm that a David Weir served in the Continental Army in South Carolina.

A Genealogy.com thread on James Weir’s family compiled by Dorann O’Neal Lam provided some records related to David’s service, which seemed to indicate he was William’s son, not his father. She writes the following:

“David Weir, b 1770, Fishing Creek, Chester Co., SC d from wounds received in the battle at Eutaw Springs (8 Sep 1781).The story was told by Miller Weir that when David's father took a temporary leave from the war to return home to make shoes for his children, young David took his place and was wounded at Eutaw Springs and/or imprisoned at Charlotte. Although his mother Susannah obtained his release and brought him home, he died from his wounds. (See Chester Co. Gen. Bul. June 1981.) Salley's Stub Entries, "Paid to David Weir (Indexed Wier) 10 pounds sterling, for 100 days' militia duty, as per account audited.--Issued 2nd November 1784, No. 470.* Bk L, by A. S. Salley, Jr., Secy of the Historical Commission of SC.(Source:Charlene Gillespie Deutsch)” See full Lam citation below.

I have not been able to access the Chester County Genealogy Society’s 1981 Bulletin article that she cited to get further details. I would have to go to the Family History Library in Salt Lake City to read a copy. However, I did find the “Stub Entry” she refers to. The stub records the distribution of ten pounds sterling for David’s 100 days of service. The full citation is below.

In addition, a website that details South Carolina’s contributions to the American Revolution had listings for both David and William Weir as members of the Turkey Creek Regiment. The Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) has also accepted William’s Revolutionary War service, although at least one of the applications lists David as William’s father and relies on David’s Revolutionary War service.  

I have not been able to verify veteran David Weir’s identity. I have found no birth records for a David who would have been old enough to serve in the war. And I have found no death records for William’s father David that would at least confirm that he was still alive during the Revolution. It is likely that war veteran David Weir is related to William Weir, but I can’t determine whether this David is William’s father or son. Miller Weir’s tale about David’s injury, release from service, and death are persuasive, but they can’t be proven.

The final part of this story, the claim that William Weir received no compensation for his Revolutionary War service except for a female slave child, is the most shocking and hard to prove part. I was raised to see the Revolution as a noble undertaking, untainted by the stain of slavery. This was something I found hard to believe. But I searched for evidence nonetheless.

I could find no “Stub Entry” for William, so he doesn’t seem to have received any cash remuneration for his service. I found it hard to believe soldiers would receive slaves in lieu of pay. But when I did a Google search on the topic, I was stunned to find there might actually be some truth to the story. An online reference book called the South Carolina Encyclopedia had an entry on African Americans in the Revolutionary War which included the following passage:

“However, South Carolina slaves were used as bounty to raise white recruits. In 1781 General Thomas Sumter offered one slave to each white citizen who joined as a private soldier for ten months and as many as three grown and one small slave to those who joined as colonels. Sumter did not have these slaves at the time he made this promise. He was banking on slaves he hoped would be seized from Loyalists during future campaigns. General Andrew Pickens also adopted this recruiting incentive, which became known as “Sumter’s law,” but Francis Marion rejected it, stating that it was ‘inhuman.’”

Sumter was named in the family story as William Weir’s commanding officer and William’s service record shows he served in 1781, so this horrible transaction may have actually taken place!

General Sumter

My experiences trying to verify these old family stories illustrate the continuing need for historical research and dissemination of historical facts. Americans should all know just how entwined slavery was in the Revolutionary War, and how pervasive the use of slaves really was during the period. We must push back against recent right-wing suppression of history with facts and records.

 

Sources:

Service records for William Weir and father David Weir in the Turkey Creek Regiment. South Carolina. The American Revolution in South. Website written and researched by J D Lewis, Little River, SC.  Carolina https://www.carolana.com/SC/Revolution/patriot_military_sc_privates_w.htm

DAR application for descendant of David and William Weir. https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/collection/1030/tree/14571291/person/230139490984/media/aad489d9-dbee-4776-9193-42b04f90bc58?_phsrc=Jng25074&_phstart=successSource

South Carolina Encyclopedia. “African Americans in the Revolutionary War, 1771782.” https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/african-americans-in-the-revolutionary-war/

Genealogy.com Surnames Forum: James Weir: Chester Co SC to Muhlenberg Co Ky. By Dorann O’Neal Lam. 6 Dec 2008. https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/weir/2501/

Stub entries to indents issued in payment of claims against South Carolina growing out of the revolution. Books B-I, K-Z / Edited by A. S. Salley, Jr. secretary of the Historical commission of South Carolina. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037943567&seq=77

James Weir (1821-1906), by Jerry Long, Owensboro, KY 1994. Excerpt from BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, John M.Gresham Company, Chicago, Philadelphia, c1896, pp230-232[BA1] :

https://wckyhistory-genealogy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Jerry20Long20-20Weir2C20James20281821-190629.pdf

 

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Tradesman Extraordinaire: 52 Ancestors 2023 Prompt “Tradesman”

James Weir Builds a Mercantile Empire

James Weir: 1777-1845 (Third Great-Granduncle)

 

Hard work is certainly a requirement for success in business, but I believe some people have that extra something that enables them to succeed at a higher level than the average businessman. James Weir had a big helping of that something extra. He left South Carolina in the 1790s as a typical pioneer, moving to Kentucky with nothing but grit and ambition. He became one of the original pioneers of Greenville where he built a veritable mercantile empire that crossed state borders.

James Weir was the third son of William Weir and Susannah Miller Weir (fourth great-grandparents) of Fishing Creek, South Carolina. He was born in 1777, and was about ten or eleven when his father died. William’s will provided that James, along with his sisters, receive equal parts of his plantation, livestock and household furniture. James’ two older brothers, William and Samuel, were named executors of the estate.

James left South Carolina as a young man, heading west into Tennessee and eventually into Kentucky. He kept a journal during the eight months of his journey. His observations about the people, land and towns he passed through are interesting. I was surprised by how straightlaced he was, complaining and aghast at the swearing and immorality he found in Knoxville, for example. He supported himself along the way as a schoolmaster.

Weir originally arrived in Kentucky in 1798 as a surveyor, and eventually decided to settle in Greenville. When he first passed through the Greenville area, he noted in his journal that “Green River is navigable all seasons of the year for large boats, which may pass to and from Illinois and from thence to the Atlantic Ocean. It is thought that it will be a place of great trade in time to come.” He helped his prediction come to fruition.

Jarrels Creek area in modern times

Weir started a mercantile in Greenville in 1799, and received a land grant of 352 acres along the Jarrels Creek in 1802, which he probably used for farming. Slaves contributed to Weir’s wealth. The 1810 census shows he had seven slaves, and by 1820 he had eleven enslaved people in his household. However, by 1830 he had only two female slaves and a free “colored” male in his household—probably the man mentioned in a history of the county as his “body servant Titus”. Selling off his slaves probably reflected the shift in his business focus from farming to his mercantile and trading business, which required little slave labor.  

Rothert county history, cited below, examined a ledger owned by James’ great-grandson Harry Weir that recorded the transactions at Weir’s Greenville store over the period from 1813-1815. From this ledger, Weir’s business practices become clear. Rothert wrote: “Much of the merchandise brought from the East by old James Weir was exchanged for wild pork, rawhides, produce and tobacco. These he shipped to New Orleans on flatboats, where he sold them for cash, with which he bought more goods in Philadelphia.” This triangular trade practice built Weir’s wealth: raw goods and produce shipped from Kentucky and Illinois to New Orleans for sale, and then the proceeds used to buy manufactured goods in Philadelphia that Weir’s customers needed or craved.

Once he purchased goods in Philadelphia, he would ship them by wagon to Pittsburgh, and then send them by boat down the Ohio River. From there the Muhlenberg County goods were put on a boat up the Green River to Lewisburg, and then sent on by wagon. James Weir must have been quite the logistician to make this multi-step shipping system work.

The trips could be hazardous. Weir’s journal entries from his 1803 trading trip down the river to the New Orleans area were reprinted in an appendix to Rothert’s History. The journal recounts how Weir was arrested at the Spanish garrison in Baton Rouge for selling hams without the proper permission from the garrison commander. He was fortunate to be released after a few days and allowed to continue south. After selling his remaining goods in New Orleans, he travelled by sea to Philiadelphia. His ship ran into a severe storm, nearly forcing everyone to abandon ship.

Weir’s original Greenville store was a log cabin located on the west side of Main Street. He next built a brick store on the east side of Main a little further north. This building became known as Weir Corner. A photo of the brick building is below.

In 1816 he built a brick home for his family south of the store. He was also involved in local banking and insurance businesses.

Weir house in background of this photo from 1800s

Over time, he expanded his mercantile business to several other towns, with stores in Lewisburg, Henderson, Hopkinsville, Morganfield, Madisonville and Russellville, Kentucky, with one additional store in Shawneetown, Illinois.

James Weir had three wives. His first wife was Anna Cowman Rumsey, whose family was a powerful one in that era. He had five children with Anna, sons Edward Rumsey Weir and James Weir, and daughters Emily, Anna and Susan Mary Weir. 

Wife Anna died in 1838, and he remarried the following year to Jane Short. Sadly, Jane also died, and James took his third wife, Ruth Beach of St. Louis, on September 29, 1844.

Eleven months later on August 9, 1845, James died at the age of 68. He left his survivors, including an unborn daughter Ruth, handsomely provided for.

James Weir was a true “tradesman”—he learned to barter goods in various far-flung parts of the United States, and he learned to make deals with all sorts of people from all walks of life. He was a true original and a consummate businessman.

 

Sources:

A History of Muhlenberg County by Otto A Rothert. “The Weirs.” Pg. 56-62. Pg. 116-121. Publisher, J.P. Morton, 1913. https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Muhlenberg_County.html?id=e1UnTbWjk2kC

Kentucky, U.S., Land Grants, 1782-1924. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/18690:2073?tid=81812584&pid=262518455113&hid=1037937987049

Muhlenberg County KyArchives History - Books .....VI The Weirs 1913.

Findagrave entry: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/71435398/james-weir?_gl=1*1r5u67g*_gcl_au*OTYwOTExNTI1LjE2ODk4MDk1ODg.*_ga*MTQ5MDkwODUzMi4xNjI2MjI0NDE0*_ga_4QT8FMEX30*ZDcyNjJkZWMtYTlmMC00MmIwLWI3ZWMtOGQwMDMzMzdhZjRmLjU3OS4xLjE2OTQ1NTczMjQuNjAuMC4w*_ga_LMK6K2LSJH*ZDcyNjJkZWMtYTlmMC00MmIwLWI3ZWMtOGQwMDMzMzdhZjRmLjE3LjEuMTY5NDU1NzMyNC4wLjAuMA..